Ecommerce Essays - E-commerce, Internet, Online Shopping

Ecommerce E-Commerce With the astonishing growth of the Internet, many companies are finding new and exciting ways to expand upon their business opportunities. There are very few successful companies that do not use computers in their everyday business activities, which also means there are few companies that do not use e-commerce. To emphasize the point that the effect of the Internet is so widespread in todays business communities, one online article stated that more than 100000 companies have Internet addresses, and 20000 companies have home pages on the Internet as of February 1999 (DataQuest, 1999). These numbers have more than tripled since 1995, and the trend shows no signs of slowing. But what exactly is e-commerce? To most casual Internet surfers, e-commerce means online shopping and workaholics pointing their web browser to Amazon.com to order an emergency present because they forgot someones birthday again (Weiss, 1999). As we will soon find out, this is far from the case. Simply put, e-commerce is the exchange of business information between two or more organizations. An example of this would be buying and selling products or services over the Internet. E-commerce became very popular, soon after it proved to be an efficient means to conduct long distance transactions. The purpose of this report is to discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages e-commerce, as well as examining its potential for the future of business. Electronic commerce, or e-commerce has developed very rapidly in the last few years and has left some people wondering what it is all about. Most people think e-commerce is just about buying and selling things over the Internet, said Wareham (Wareham, 2000). E-commerce is a broad term describing the electronic exchange of business data between two or more organizations computers. Some examples might be the electronic filing of your income tax return, on-line services like Prodigy, and on-line billing for services or products received. E-commerce also includes buying and selling any item over the Internet, electronic fund transfer, smart cards, and all other methods of conducting business over digital networks. The primary technological goal of e-commerce is to integrate businesses, government agencies, and contractors into a single community with the ability to communicate with one another across any computer platform (Edwards, 1998). Electronic commerce was built on a foundation that was started more than 125 years ago with Western Union's money transfer as an example of telegraph technology. In the early 1900s the advent of credit cards as a payment system revolutionised the process of automated commerce functions. In the mid 1980s the introduction of the ATM card was the latest improvement to electronic commerce. The Internet was conceived in 1969 when the Department of Defence began funding the research of computer networking. The Internet, as a means for commerce, did not become reality until the 1990s. Before this time, it was mainly a tool for the army, and a research device for some American universities. Its popularity grew when it proved to become a fast and efficient means to conduct long distance transactions, as well as an effective way to distribute information. Economic impact clearly, E-commerce will change the face of business forever. Companies that are thousands of miles away can complete business transactions in a matter of seconds as well as exchange information. As one online article explained: Dell Computers sells more than $14 million worth of computer equipment a day from its web site. By taking their customer service department to the web Federal Express began saving $10,000 a day. The Internet provides businesses with the opportunity to sell their products to millions of people, in 24 hours a day (Baxton, 1999). Figure #1 shows the amount of revenues generated by the on the Internet dating back to 1996 as well as estimating possible revenues through the year 2002. With 1998, revenue equaling almost 74 billion dollars and experts predicting that it will climb to as much as 1,234 billion dollars by the year 2002, anyone can see that e-commerce is the wave of the future. Figure #1- Internet generated revenues in US dollars. Source: NUA Internet Surveys Without a doubt, the Internet is ushering in an era of sweeping change that will leave no business or industry untouched. In just three years,

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Q. What are Combat Support Air Operations? ANS: Combat-Support Air Operations 1. Combat Support air operations provide support in air operations to deploy and operate operations of an airbase and the linked services. Air Combat support is essential to the delivery of other warfare functions and may also support and enhance the capability of inter related elements from the deep or ground forces or other agencies. Combat Support capabilities include the provision of aircraft and civil engineering, logistics, airport facilities, workforce and health facilities. A successful combat support air operation relies greatly on personnel interoperability achieved through appropriate training. Under mention are some of the combat support air operations substantiating the significance of these operations. Search and Rescue Operations 2. Search and Rescue operations really have evolved to great extent in the modern days. With its speed and coverage, the aircraft can search large areas previously unreachable or difficult to reach over by any mean. 3. Also referred to as combat search and rescue (CSAR) operation uses aircraft usually helicopters to locate and rescue personnel in distress and, in particular, to recover aircrew who have abandoned their aircraft. CSAR operations contribute to the prosecution of the air campaigns by: (a) Denying the enemy a potential source of intelligence (b) Promoting high morale amongst aircrew . Today special versions of aircrafts and helicopters are used for the search and rescue purpose like H-60 in the search and rescue mode and occasionally used special operations versions of the Sikorsky CH-53 Stallion heavy-lift helicopter in the rescue role. Heavily modified versions of the CH-53 are also used for this mission. Equipped with the latest in navigation and sensor gear, they can fly deep behind enemy lines to rescue downed airmen. They were used to rescue a downed F -117 stealth fighter pilot in Yugoslavia in 1999, rescue pilots in the Persian Gulf War and to rescue F-16 pilot Scott OGrady when he was shot down over Bosnia in 1995. Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5. In conflict and war strategic and tactical reconnaissance missions are vital for timely information exploitation. Surveillance and reconnaissance is an observation of air, space, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Surveillance is a continuing process, not oriented to a specific target, while reconnaissance looks for specific information and generally has a time constraint. It is the acquisition, processing, analysis, fusion, exploitation and dissemination of accurate, timely, relevant and assured information to provide the battle space awareness essential to successful planning and conduct of operations. It integrates capabilities from all components and sources to increase the flexibility, effectiveness, and responsiveness of coalition forces by reducing uncertainties in the decision-making process. Air and space forces will be involved in the collection of information, and play a key role in its analysis and dissemination. Equally, accurate post-attack reconnaissance and battle damage assessment are essential, not only to determine whether to mount further attacks, but also for assessing the likely impact of the results achieved and the process also known as combat assessment. 6. 1996, Canberra PR9 detachment was sent to Zaire in support of Operation Purposeful. The aim was to provide high quality imagery to determine the location of refugees in central Africa, as part of a multi-national force which was being assembled for a perceived humanitarian aid mission to eastern Zaire. A reconnaissance intelligence cell formed part of the detachment, allowing rapid interpretation of the data and fast transmission. When non-governmental organizations reported large concentrations of refugees in the area the Canberra’s mounted searches, but their reconnaissance revealed far fewer refugees than reported. Thus the mooted multi-national force was deemed unnecessary and consequently was not deployed. Air transport 7. Air transport provides a facility to deploy forces, equipment and provide coverage quickly and over large distances. Transport is absolutely essential for armed forces with global commitments. The swift operation, supply or migration means the ability can compensate for a smaller force or lack of numbers. . Air transport operations can be conducted to provide strategic, operational and tactical level support for all types of sea, land and air forces. Following are the examples of air transport operations 8. Argentina started the war in Falkland and had a plan on how to defend the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the United Kingdom responded and took back the islands. 9. In 1990 more than thousands of personnel were deployed During Operation Desert Storm by US Air force. They in turn were supported by thousands of their paisano throughout the Air Force who kept supplies, food, equipment, communications, information, plans, and medical support coming to them throughout the clash. In addition, thousands of medical personnel were deployed to Europe for support. 10. It was due to the Air Transport that Berlin sustained the winter of 1949. Therefore, air power was engaged in a mission with striking tactical blow. On other occasions such as Eritrea in 1984 and Sarajevo in 1993, air transport has been the dominant role for air power. 11. Airlift. Airlift is the ability to transport personnel and equipment through the air. Airlift offers a high degree of speed, range, and flexibility. Airlift allows commanders to respond and operate in a wide variety of situations and time frames that would be unfeasible through other modes of transportation. Airlift is defined by the nature of the mission i. . (a)Special operations support (b)Combat employment and re supply (c) Passenger and cargo movement, (d) Aero medical evacuation 12. Air refueling. Air refueling allows air assets to rapidly reach any trouble spot around the world with less dependence on forward staging bases. Air refueling extends the range, consignment, time-on-task and suppleness of aircraft. The refueling of an aircraft in-flight by another aircraft supports the military strategy across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime operations to nuclear war. It can be used to support all categories of air operation. Still, air refueling significantly expands the force options available to a commander by increasing the range, payload, loiter time, and flexibility of other Aircraft. US strike on Iraq and NATO operations in Afghanistan both had support of air refueling for rapid reach and timely deployment. 13. Airdrop. Airdrop allows commanders to contrive forces and material directly into otherwise unreachable areas including those behind enemy lines. However, airdrop requires extensive training, management, dedicated equipment, ropes, and suitable drop zones. This delivery method can be successful in accommodating and vague environments. 14. Air land. Many times air lifters offload their payloads after they have landed. This method is usually preferred because it minimizes the risk of injury to personnel, eliminates payload dispersal and reduces damage to equipment, and offers an increased availability of resources. This method requires convenient locations. Electronic Warfare Support 15. Electronic Warfare (EW) can be used to disrupt the enemy’s command and control links and facilities, his electromagnetic surveillance capabilities, his electromagnetic acquisition and targeting capabilities and his electronic combat capabilities. Airborne operations often take place well beyond the range of some intelligence assets, which otherwise could support the airborne force. EW operations involve the military use of electronics to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent the hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the actions taken by friendly forces to ensure they are still able to use it effectively. Military intelligence units provide the airborne force with teams for interrogation, EW, and signals intelligence collection as well as CI support. They also provide a key part of the system designed to quickly collect, analyze, and disseminate information to the airborne force. Electronic warfare is increasingly important to the success of all types of military operations. Specialist manned aircraft and unmanned air vehicles for EW support may be critical factors in support of air operations within the joint campaign. EW operations can be divided into three main roles: (a)Electronic Protection Measures. Electronic protection measures (EPM) involve active and passive measures taken to ensure the friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite an opponent’s use of electronic warfare techniques. (b)Electronic countermeasures. Electronic countermeasures (ECM) involve the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities and equipment with the intent of preventing or reducing an opponent’s effective use of the electromagnetic Spectrum three sub-categories of ECM are, Electronic jamming, Electronic neutralization and Electronic deception. (c)Electronic support measures. Electronic support measures (ESM) involve action taken to search for, intercept, identify and locate radiated electromagnetic energy to provide electronic warning and surveillance data for the commander. ESM are passive and therefore available for use in peace, crisis and war. 16. A fleet of Boeing E-3A Sentry Airborne Warning Control System (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO, provides the Alliance with an immediately available airborne Command Control (C2), air and maritime surveillance and battle space management capability. NATO Air Base (NAB) Gelsenkirchen, Germany is home to 17 E-3A aircraft. The NE-3A is a modified Boeing 707 equipped with long-range radar and passive sensors capable of detecting air and surface contacts over large distances. The plot-extracted track data can be transmitted directly from the aircraft to other users on land, sea or in the air. NATO AWACS performs a unique and valuable role for the Alliance by conducting a wide range of diverse missions such as air policing, counter-terrorism, consequence management, Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), embargo, initial entry, crisis response and demonstrative force operations. In recent years, the force has been increasingly deployed on complex and demanding tactical missions, including support to maritime operations, Close Air Support (CAS), airspace management, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), disaster relief, counter piracy and numerous others. Since it commenced flying operations in 1982, the NAEW Force has proven to be a key asset in crisis-management and peace-support operations. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, aircraft from NATOs AWACS Component deployed to eastern Turkey to help reinforce NATOs southern flank during the war. Operation ANCHOR GUARD included monitoring air and sea traffic in the eastern Mediterranean and providing airborne surveillance along the Iraqi-Turkish border. The mission was conducted from August 1990 to March 1991. Aero Medical Evacuation (AME) 17. Aero medical evacuation is the rapid transportation of sick or injured personnel under medical supervision to appropriate medical care. Movement of patients normally requires specially qualified aero medical crewmembers to accompany the patient, special air traffic control considerations to comply with patient driven altitude and pressurization restrictions, and special aircraft systems medical equipment. 18. More than one million patients were successfully moved by air during World War II. During World War II the U. S. armed forces had their first extensive experience with aero medical mass departure, in which 712,000 Americans were wounded i. e. almost four times of the number in World War I. Because unbearable wounds or illnesses frequently occurred in remote areas very far from modern medical facilities and soldiers and airmen often required aero medical evacuation. Even in Western Europe, aero medical evacuation offered both medical and logistical advantages. Unusual Operations Support 19. Provision of airdrop support to special operations for mutual training, contingencies, operations other than war, and other missions. Since there are a limited number of airlift assets dedicated, therefore while performing special operations missions, highly trained airlift crews normally act as an integral member of a larger joint package. Extensive planning, coordination, and training are required to minimize risk. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 20. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) is any activity that destroys, neutralizes or temporarily degrades an opponent’s surface-based air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. SEAD missions are also flown to maintain the degree of control of the air which is required and SEAD is depending on the level of SAM and AAA threat, however, SEAD operations may also be important as a combat support mission type. SEAD may be an essential pre-cursor to strategic and ant surface air action and may be achieved electronically, by air action or by land and maritime artillery. Composite Air Operations 21. Composite Air Operations (COMAO) is the combination of aircraft into force packages to concentrate combat power and achieve force protection. Force packaging considerations particularly in coalition operations require knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the forces available.

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Q. What are Combat Support Air Operations? ANS: Combat-Support Air Operations 1. Combat Support air operations provide support in air operations to deploy and operate operations of an airbase and the linked services. Air Combat support is essential to the delivery of other warfare functions and may also support and enhance the capability of inter related elements from the deep or ground forces or other agencies. Combat Support capabilities include the provision of aircraft and civil engineering, logistics, airport facilities, workforce and health facilities. A successful combat support air operation relies greatly on personnel interoperability achieved through appropriate training. Under mention are some of the combat support air operations substantiating the significance of these operations. Search and Rescue Operations 2. Search and Rescue operations really have evolved to great extent in the modern days. With its speed and coverage, the aircraft can search large areas previously unreachable or difficult to reach over by any mean. 3. Also referred to as combat search and rescue (CSAR) operation uses aircraft usually helicopters to locate and rescue personnel in distress and, in particular, to recover aircrew who have abandoned their aircraft. CSAR operations contribute to the prosecution of the air campaigns by: (a) Denying the enemy a potential source of intelligence (b) Promoting high morale amongst aircrew . Today special versions of aircrafts and helicopters are used for the search and rescue purpose like H-60 in the search and rescue mode and occasionally used special operations versions of the Sikorsky CH-53 Stallion heavy-lift helicopter in the rescue role. Heavily modified versions of the CH-53 are also used for this mission. Equipped with the latest in navigation and sensor gear, they can fly deep behind enemy lines to rescue downed airmen. They were used to rescue a downed F -117 stealth fighter pilot in Yugoslavia in 1999, rescue pilots in the Persian Gulf War and to rescue F-16 pilot Scott OGrady when he was shot down over Bosnia in 1995. Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5. In conflict and war strategic and tactical reconnaissance missions are vital for timely information exploitation. Surveillance and reconnaissance is an observation of air, space, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Surveillance is a continuing process, not oriented to a specific target, while reconnaissance looks for specific information and generally has a time constraint. It is the acquisition, processing, analysis, fusion, exploitation and dissemination of accurate, timely, relevant and assured information to provide the battle space awareness essential to successful planning and conduct of operations. It integrates capabilities from all components and sources to increase the flexibility, effectiveness, and responsiveness of coalition forces by reducing uncertainties in the decision-making process. Air and space forces will be involved in the collection of information, and play a key role in its analysis and dissemination. Equally, accurate post-attack reconnaissance and battle damage assessment are essential, not only to determine whether to mount further attacks, but also for assessing the likely impact of the results achieved and the process also known as combat assessment. 6. 1996, Canberra PR9 detachment was sent to Zaire in support of Operation Purposeful. The aim was to provide high quality imagery to determine the location of refugees in central Africa, as part of a multi-national force which was being assembled for a perceived humanitarian aid mission to eastern Zaire. A reconnaissance intelligence cell formed part of the detachment, allowing rapid interpretation of the data and fast transmission. When non-governmental organizations reported large concentrations of refugees in the area the Canberra’s mounted searches, but their reconnaissance revealed far fewer refugees than reported. Thus the mooted multi-national force was deemed unnecessary and consequently was not deployed. Air transport 7. Air transport provides a facility to deploy forces, equipment and provide coverage quickly and over large distances. Transport is absolutely essential for armed forces with global commitments. The swift operation, supply or migration means the ability can compensate for a smaller force or lack of numbers. . Air transport operations can be conducted to provide strategic, operational and tactical level support for all types of sea, land and air forces. Following are the examples of air transport operations 8. Argentina started the war in Falkland and had a plan on how to defend the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the United Kingdom responded and took back the islands. 9. In 1990 more than thousands of personnel were deployed During Operation Desert Storm by US Air force. They in turn were supported by thousands of their paisano throughout the Air Force who kept supplies, food, equipment, communications, information, plans, and medical support coming to them throughout the clash. In addition, thousands of medical personnel were deployed to Europe for support. 10. It was due to the Air Transport that Berlin sustained the winter of 1949. Therefore, air power was engaged in a mission with striking tactical blow. On other occasions such as Eritrea in 1984 and Sarajevo in 1993, air transport has been the dominant role for air power. 11. Airlift. Airlift is the ability to transport personnel and equipment through the air. Airlift offers a high degree of speed, range, and flexibility. Airlift allows commanders to respond and operate in a wide variety of situations and time frames that would be unfeasible through other modes of transportation. Airlift is defined by the nature of the mission i. . (a)Special operations support (b)Combat employment and re supply (c) Passenger and cargo movement, (d) Aero medical evacuation 12. Air refueling. Air refueling allows air assets to rapidly reach any trouble spot around the world with less dependence on forward staging bases. Air refueling extends the range, consignment, time-on-task and suppleness of aircraft. The refueling of an aircraft in-flight by another aircraft supports the military strategy across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime operations to nuclear war. It can be used to support all categories of air operation. Still, air refueling significantly expands the force options available to a commander by increasing the range, payload, loiter time, and flexibility of other Aircraft. US strike on Iraq and NATO operations in Afghanistan both had support of air refueling for rapid reach and timely deployment. 13. Airdrop. Airdrop allows commanders to contrive forces and material directly into otherwise unreachable areas including those behind enemy lines. However, airdrop requires extensive training, management, dedicated equipment, ropes, and suitable drop zones. This delivery method can be successful in accommodating and vague environments. 14. Air land. Many times air lifters offload their payloads after they have landed. This method is usually preferred because it minimizes the risk of injury to personnel, eliminates payload dispersal and reduces damage to equipment, and offers an increased availability of resources. This method requires convenient locations. Electronic Warfare Support 15. Electronic Warfare (EW) can be used to disrupt the enemy’s command and control links and facilities, his electromagnetic surveillance capabilities, his electromagnetic acquisition and targeting capabilities and his electronic combat capabilities. Airborne operations often take place well beyond the range of some intelligence assets, which otherwise could support the airborne force. EW operations involve the military use of electronics to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent the hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the actions taken by friendly forces to ensure they are still able to use it effectively. Military intelligence units provide the airborne force with teams for interrogation, EW, and signals intelligence collection as well as CI support. They also provide a key part of the system designed to quickly collect, analyze, and disseminate information to the airborne force. Electronic warfare is increasingly important to the success of all types of military operations. Specialist manned aircraft and unmanned air vehicles for EW support may be critical factors in support of air operations within the joint campaign. EW operations can be divided into three main roles: (a)Electronic Protection Measures. Electronic protection measures (EPM) involve active and passive measures taken to ensure the friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite an opponent’s use of electronic warfare techniques. (b)Electronic countermeasures. Electronic countermeasures (ECM) involve the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities and equipment with the intent of preventing or reducing an opponent’s effective use of the electromagnetic Spectrum three sub-categories of ECM are, Electronic jamming, Electronic neutralization and Electronic deception. (c)Electronic support measures. Electronic support measures (ESM) involve action taken to search for, intercept, identify and locate radiated electromagnetic energy to provide electronic warning and surveillance data for the commander. ESM are passive and therefore available for use in peace, crisis and war. 16. A fleet of Boeing E-3A Sentry Airborne Warning Control System (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO, provides the Alliance with an immediately available airborne Command Control (C2), air and maritime surveillance and battle space management capability. NATO Air Base (NAB) Gelsenkirchen, Germany is home to 17 E-3A aircraft. The NE-3A is a modified Boeing 707 equipped with long-range radar and passive sensors capable of detecting air and surface contacts over large distances. The plot-extracted track data can be transmitted directly from the aircraft to other users on land, sea or in the air. NATO AWACS performs a unique and valuable role for the Alliance by conducting a wide range of diverse missions such as air policing, counter-terrorism, consequence management, Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), embargo, initial entry, crisis response and demonstrative force operations. In recent years, the force has been increasingly deployed on complex and demanding tactical missions, including support to maritime operations, Close Air Support (CAS), airspace management, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), disaster relief, counter piracy and numerous others. Since it commenced flying operations in 1982, the NAEW Force has proven to be a key asset in crisis-management and peace-support operations. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, aircraft from NATOs AWACS Component deployed to eastern Turkey to help reinforce NATOs southern flank during the war. Operation ANCHOR GUARD included monitoring air and sea traffic in the eastern Mediterranean and providing airborne surveillance along the Iraqi-Turkish border. The mission was conducted from August 1990 to March 1991. Aero Medical Evacuation (AME) 17. Aero medical evacuation is the rapid transportation of sick or injured personnel under medical supervision to appropriate medical care. Movement of patients normally requires specially qualified aero medical crewmembers to accompany the patient, special air traffic control considerations to comply with patient driven altitude and pressurization restrictions, and special aircraft systems medical equipment. 18. More than one million patients were successfully moved by air during World War II. During World War II the U. S. armed forces had their first extensive experience with aero medical mass departure, in which 712,000 Americans were wounded i. e. almost four times of the number in World War I. Because unbearable wounds or illnesses frequently occurred in remote areas very far from modern medical facilities and soldiers and airmen often required aero medical evacuation. Even in Western Europe, aero medical evacuation offered both medical and logistical advantages. Unusual Operations Support 19. Provision of airdrop support to special operations for mutual training, contingencies, operations other than war, and other missions. Since there are a limited number of airlift assets dedicated, therefore while performing special operations missions, highly trained airlift crews normally act as an integral member of a larger joint package. Extensive planning, coordination, and training are required to minimize risk. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 20. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) is any activity that destroys, neutralizes or temporarily degrades an opponent’s surface-based air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. SEAD missions are also flown to maintain the degree of control of the air which is required and SEAD is depending on the level of SAM and AAA threat, however, SEAD operations may also be important as a combat support mission type. SEAD may be an essential pre-cursor to strategic and ant surface air action and may be achieved electronically, by air action or by land and maritime artillery. Composite Air Operations 21. Composite Air Operations (COMAO) is the combination of aircraft into force packages to concentrate combat power and achieve force protection. Force packaging considerations particularly in coalition operations require knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the forces available.

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Q. What are Combat Support Air Operations? ANS: Combat-Support Air Operations 1. Combat Support air operations provide support in air operations to deploy and operate operations of an airbase and the linked services. Air Combat support is essential to the delivery of other warfare functions and may also support and enhance the capability of inter related elements from the deep or ground forces or other agencies. Combat Support capabilities include the provision of aircraft and civil engineering, logistics, airport facilities, workforce and health facilities. A successful combat support air operation relies greatly on personnel interoperability achieved through appropriate training. Under mention are some of the combat support air operations substantiating the significance of these operations. Search and Rescue Operations 2. Search and Rescue operations really have evolved to great extent in the modern days. With its speed and coverage, the aircraft can search large areas previously unreachable or difficult to reach over by any mean. 3. Also referred to as combat search and rescue (CSAR) operation uses aircraft usually helicopters to locate and rescue personnel in distress and, in particular, to recover aircrew who have abandoned their aircraft. CSAR operations contribute to the prosecution of the air campaigns by: (a) Denying the enemy a potential source of intelligence (b) Promoting high morale amongst aircrew . Today special versions of aircrafts and helicopters are used for the search and rescue purpose like H-60 in the search and rescue mode and occasionally used special operations versions of the Sikorsky CH-53 Stallion heavy-lift helicopter in the rescue role. Heavily modified versions of the CH-53 are also used for this mission. Equipped with the latest in navigation and sensor gear, they can fly deep behind enemy lines to rescue downed airmen. They were used to rescue a downed F -117 stealth fighter pilot in Yugoslavia in 1999, rescue pilots in the Persian Gulf War and to rescue F-16 pilot Scott OGrady when he was shot down over Bosnia in 1995. Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5. In conflict and war strategic and tactical reconnaissance missions are vital for timely information exploitation. Surveillance and reconnaissance is an observation of air, space, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Surveillance is a continuing process, not oriented to a specific target, while reconnaissance looks for specific information and generally has a time constraint. It is the acquisition, processing, analysis, fusion, exploitation and dissemination of accurate, timely, relevant and assured information to provide the battle space awareness essential to successful planning and conduct of operations. It integrates capabilities from all components and sources to increase the flexibility, effectiveness, and responsiveness of coalition forces by reducing uncertainties in the decision-making process. Air and space forces will be involved in the collection of information, and play a key role in its analysis and dissemination. Equally, accurate post-attack reconnaissance and battle damage assessment are essential, not only to determine whether to mount further attacks, but also for assessing the likely impact of the results achieved and the process also known as combat assessment. 6. 1996, Canberra PR9 detachment was sent to Zaire in support of Operation Purposeful. The aim was to provide high quality imagery to determine the location of refugees in central Africa, as part of a multi-national force which was being assembled for a perceived humanitarian aid mission to eastern Zaire. A reconnaissance intelligence cell formed part of the detachment, allowing rapid interpretation of the data and fast transmission. When non-governmental organizations reported large concentrations of refugees in the area the Canberra’s mounted searches, but their reconnaissance revealed far fewer refugees than reported. Thus the mooted multi-national force was deemed unnecessary and consequently was not deployed. Air transport 7. Air transport provides a facility to deploy forces, equipment and provide coverage quickly and over large distances. Transport is absolutely essential for armed forces with global commitments. The swift operation, supply or migration means the ability can compensate for a smaller force or lack of numbers. . Air transport operations can be conducted to provide strategic, operational and tactical level support for all types of sea, land and air forces. Following are the examples of air transport operations 8. Argentina started the war in Falkland and had a plan on how to defend the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the United Kingdom responded and took back the islands. 9. In 1990 more than thousands of personnel were deployed During Operation Desert Storm by US Air force. They in turn were supported by thousands of their paisano throughout the Air Force who kept supplies, food, equipment, communications, information, plans, and medical support coming to them throughout the clash. In addition, thousands of medical personnel were deployed to Europe for support. 10. It was due to the Air Transport that Berlin sustained the winter of 1949. Therefore, air power was engaged in a mission with striking tactical blow. On other occasions such as Eritrea in 1984 and Sarajevo in 1993, air transport has been the dominant role for air power. 11. Airlift. Airlift is the ability to transport personnel and equipment through the air. Airlift offers a high degree of speed, range, and flexibility. Airlift allows commanders to respond and operate in a wide variety of situations and time frames that would be unfeasible through other modes of transportation. Airlift is defined by the nature of the mission i. . (a)Special operations support (b)Combat employment and re supply (c) Passenger and cargo movement, (d) Aero medical evacuation 12. Air refueling. Air refueling allows air assets to rapidly reach any trouble spot around the world with less dependence on forward staging bases. Air refueling extends the range, consignment, time-on-task and suppleness of aircraft. The refueling of an aircraft in-flight by another aircraft supports the military strategy across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime operations to nuclear war. It can be used to support all categories of air operation. Still, air refueling significantly expands the force options available to a commander by increasing the range, payload, loiter time, and flexibility of other Aircraft. US strike on Iraq and NATO operations in Afghanistan both had support of air refueling for rapid reach and timely deployment. 13. Airdrop. Airdrop allows commanders to contrive forces and material directly into otherwise unreachable areas including those behind enemy lines. However, airdrop requires extensive training, management, dedicated equipment, ropes, and suitable drop zones. This delivery method can be successful in accommodating and vague environments. 14. Air land. Many times air lifters offload their payloads after they have landed. This method is usually preferred because it minimizes the risk of injury to personnel, eliminates payload dispersal and reduces damage to equipment, and offers an increased availability of resources. This method requires convenient locations. Electronic Warfare Support 15. Electronic Warfare (EW) can be used to disrupt the enemy’s command and control links and facilities, his electromagnetic surveillance capabilities, his electromagnetic acquisition and targeting capabilities and his electronic combat capabilities. Airborne operations often take place well beyond the range of some intelligence assets, which otherwise could support the airborne force. EW operations involve the military use of electronics to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent the hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the actions taken by friendly forces to ensure they are still able to use it effectively. Military intelligence units provide the airborne force with teams for interrogation, EW, and signals intelligence collection as well as CI support. They also provide a key part of the system designed to quickly collect, analyze, and disseminate information to the airborne force. Electronic warfare is increasingly important to the success of all types of military operations. Specialist manned aircraft and unmanned air vehicles for EW support may be critical factors in support of air operations within the joint campaign. EW operations can be divided into three main roles: (a)Electronic Protection Measures. Electronic protection measures (EPM) involve active and passive measures taken to ensure the friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite an opponent’s use of electronic warfare techniques. (b)Electronic countermeasures. Electronic countermeasures (ECM) involve the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities and equipment with the intent of preventing or reducing an opponent’s effective use of the electromagnetic Spectrum three sub-categories of ECM are, Electronic jamming, Electronic neutralization and Electronic deception. (c)Electronic support measures. Electronic support measures (ESM) involve action taken to search for, intercept, identify and locate radiated electromagnetic energy to provide electronic warning and surveillance data for the commander. ESM are passive and therefore available for use in peace, crisis and war. 16. A fleet of Boeing E-3A Sentry Airborne Warning Control System (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO, provides the Alliance with an immediately available airborne Command Control (C2), air and maritime surveillance and battle space management capability. NATO Air Base (NAB) Gelsenkirchen, Germany is home to 17 E-3A aircraft. The NE-3A is a modified Boeing 707 equipped with long-range radar and passive sensors capable of detecting air and surface contacts over large distances. The plot-extracted track data can be transmitted directly from the aircraft to other users on land, sea or in the air. NATO AWACS performs a unique and valuable role for the Alliance by conducting a wide range of diverse missions such as air policing, counter-terrorism, consequence management, Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), embargo, initial entry, crisis response and demonstrative force operations. In recent years, the force has been increasingly deployed on complex and demanding tactical missions, including support to maritime operations, Close Air Support (CAS), airspace management, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), disaster relief, counter piracy and numerous others. Since it commenced flying operations in 1982, the NAEW Force has proven to be a key asset in crisis-management and peace-support operations. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, aircraft from NATOs AWACS Component deployed to eastern Turkey to help reinforce NATOs southern flank during the war. Operation ANCHOR GUARD included monitoring air and sea traffic in the eastern Mediterranean and providing airborne surveillance along the Iraqi-Turkish border. The mission was conducted from August 1990 to March 1991. Aero Medical Evacuation (AME) 17. Aero medical evacuation is the rapid transportation of sick or injured personnel under medical supervision to appropriate medical care. Movement of patients normally requires specially qualified aero medical crewmembers to accompany the patient, special air traffic control considerations to comply with patient driven altitude and pressurization restrictions, and special aircraft systems medical equipment. 18. More than one million patients were successfully moved by air during World War II. During World War II the U. S. armed forces had their first extensive experience with aero medical mass departure, in which 712,000 Americans were wounded i. e. almost four times of the number in World War I. Because unbearable wounds or illnesses frequently occurred in remote areas very far from modern medical facilities and soldiers and airmen often required aero medical evacuation. Even in Western Europe, aero medical evacuation offered both medical and logistical advantages. Unusual Operations Support 19. Provision of airdrop support to special operations for mutual training, contingencies, operations other than war, and other missions. Since there are a limited number of airlift assets dedicated, therefore while performing special operations missions, highly trained airlift crews normally act as an integral member of a larger joint package. Extensive planning, coordination, and training are required to minimize risk. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 20. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) is any activity that destroys, neutralizes or temporarily degrades an opponent’s surface-based air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. SEAD missions are also flown to maintain the degree of control of the air which is required and SEAD is depending on the level of SAM and AAA threat, however, SEAD operations may also be important as a combat support mission type. SEAD may be an essential pre-cursor to strategic and ant surface air action and may be achieved electronically, by air action or by land and maritime artillery. Composite Air Operations 21. Composite Air Operations (COMAO) is the combination of aircraft into force packages to concentrate combat power and achieve force protection. Force packaging considerations particularly in coalition operations require knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the forces available.

Global Warming is not as Big a Deal as the Government Makes it Seem Research Paper

Global Warming is not as Big a Deal as the Government Makes it Seem - Research Paper Example This paper briefly analyses the global warming topic with respect to reasons other than manmade. As per the recent studies, the earth’s surface temperature has been increased around 0.750 C during the last century itself. Moreover, scientists believe that the atmospheric temperature may even go up by 6 degrees before the end of the current century. Studies also showed that warming and sea level rise may continue for more than 1000 years even if we manage to stabilize the greenhouse gas levels. Increased global temperature can create dangerous futures for the human being. The consequences of global warming are unimaginable. Sea level raise, increased extreme weather intensities, changes in agricultural yields, complete destruction of some living things etc are some of the immediate difficulties we can anticipate. Even though manmade activities may have some effect, modern scientific theories unanimously agreed that the major reasons for global warming may be natural phenomenon like solar variations and volcanoes. While the world is unanimous in accepting the fact that global warming may cause severe problems to living things, there are different opinions about who contributes to the atmospheric temperature. The intensity of radiations received on earth from the sun has been increased drastically as per the studies conducted by Dr. Solanki.  

Racial Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racial Discrimination - Essay Example Few countries have experienced as persistent and as institutionalized and formal a system of ethnic and racial stratification as has South Africa. Loosely divided into Blacks and Whites, with the former comprising approximately 90% of the population, assimilation such as which would lead to national unity and the subsequent negation of racism was offset by the institutionalization of racism. The Whites, non-native to the country and comprised of the earlier Dutch immigrants, Afrikaners and the later English ones, had, not only come to the country as colonizers but had, quite effectively, laid their absolute claim over the country through the assumption of control over its political and economic institutions and, in the process, denied the presence of the native population. South Africa's native population, comprising at least 75% of the country's inhabitants, were denied a political and economic presence in the country A system of ethnic stratification had, in essence, relegated them to the status of non-beings, to the extent that they were deprived of any and all conceivable basic human rights within their own country. They were no simply regarded as inferior but defined by the law as such. Within the context of the stated, the very notion of penetrating through the racial divide, of combating racism and of creating a society/nation founded upon the acknowledgement of the equal claim of all citizens to basic human rights, let alone equality per se, was a virtual impossibility. Indeed, the attainment of the stated was predicated on dismantling the apartheid system which had, not only institutionalized racism but which had effectively de-legitimized racial equality. As is amply clear from the foregoing, South Africa was founded upon a racist political and economic system. The White minority dominated over the majority and domination reached the extent of the dehumanization of 75% of the population. The remaining 15%, classified as nonwhites and comprised of the racially mixed Coloreds, Asians and Africans of various tribal origins, stood mid-way between the two. That does not mean to imply that that they were granted rights which, by any stretch of the imagination, were comparable to those enjoyed by the Whites but that they were not as dehumanized and as marginalized as were the Blacks. Even though the Apartheid system was dismantled in the 1990s due to the efforts of Nelson Mandela, later elected the country's first black leader, the fact remains racism still prevails. It prevails because of its long history in South Africa and s sustained by the fact that the Whites and the Blacks remain unequal insofar as socio-economic and educational status is concerned. Within the context of vast inequalities, assimilation remains a distant goal. Although Canada is as arguably a two-nation country as is South Africa, it is not a divided nation. South Africa's divisions are determined by race and Canada's by national and linguistic roots. The implication here is that the French and the English Canadians are not regarded as separate and unequal but different. While a case may be made for the fact that this hardly allows for assimilation and ultimately leaves Canada vulnerable to divisiveness, an equally strong case may be made for the fact that Canada's ethnic stratification is not predicated on this particular

Hypocritical Holden Essay Example for Free

Hypocritical Holden Essay Hypocrisy is found in all of us. Many of us have things about ourselves that we don’t want to share with others, and try to hide; perhaps we are trying to hide our hypocrisy. In The Catcher in the Rye, J. D. Salinger expresses through Holden Caulfield that hypocrisy results from not being able to connect with others. Although Holden accuses others of being phony, in reality, Holden is a phony himself and as a result of his hypocrisy, he is unable to connect with others, suggesting that to connect with others one must be able to accept other people’s flaws. Holden defines others as phonies because he is critical and has a negative utlook on the world and the people in it. When Holden makes observations of other people he often defines them as phony. For example, when Holden goes to the movies he observes a lady sitting next to him who is crying during the movie, â€Å"The part that got me was, there was a lady sitting next to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried†¦ she had this little kid with her that was bored as hell and had to go to the bathroom but she wouldn’t take him†¦ You take somebody that cries their goddam eyes out over phony stuff in the movies, and nine times out of ten they’re mean bastards at heart.  I’m not kidding† (181). Holden thinks that the woman crying is a phony because she is emotional about a movie which is fake, yet she does not feel bad for the kid who is sitting next to her in real life, who has to go to the bathroom. A woman crying at a movie is what Holden observes and defines as phony behavior. Holden’s negative outlook on the world and the people in it just pushes Holden farther and farther away from people. He is isolating himself. In addition, Holden thinks some words or phrases are phony. When Holden is talking on the phone with a girl he knows, Sally, who says something that Holden thinks is phony. â€Å"I’d love to. Grand. † Grand. If there’s one word I hate, it’s grand. It’s so phony†(106). Holden thinks that the word grand is phony, which may be true to Holden; although the more energy he spends on pointing out â€Å"phonies† the more isolated and unhappy he becomes. Holden is a hypocrite because he is sometimes aware that he is being a phony himself. Holden thinks that he needs to hide his true self from people in order to â€Å"survive†. When Holden is out at Ernie’s and meets up with a girl he knows, Lillian, Holden says something to the Navy guy who was with Lillian that Holden considers phony. Holden addresses the reader, â€Å"I’m always saying â€Å"Glad to’ve met you† to somebody I’m not at all glad I met. If you want to stay alive, you have to say that stuff, though† (87). Holden lies to the navy guy, and also says that he lies to other people when saying this phrase. Although Holden is acting phony, and therefore hypocritical, he is aware of it. He acts phony because he is afraid that sharing his true self with others will interfere with him connecting with others; Holden thinks that he will turn people away because he is different. Holden is different because he is critical, and also eeply caring and emotional. Holden is trying to act like a regular guy so people will like him and be willing to talk with him. Holden is striving to make a connection with someone; anyone. He is just looking for anyone to talk to and make a connection with, but he is afraid to open up to them. Holden tries to fit in with others by being phony when in reality, he hates how most people act. Holden tries not to show his hatred of phonies because then, people would soon realize that Holden is a phony himself. At Ernie’s when Holden meets up with the navy guy, introduced to him by Lillian, Holden hares his true thoughts about the navy guy’s actions with the reader. Holden says, â€Å"He was one of those guys that think they’re being a pansy if they don’t break around forty of your fingers when they shake hands with you. God, I hate that stuff† (86-87). Holden doesn’t like the expectations put on men to act tough; this makes Holden feel insecure. Holden feels that he must hide that he is caring and emotional by being phony. In addition, Holden is sometimes unaware that he is being phony. For example, when he asks his taxi driver Horwitz a question, Holden is unaware that he is being phony. â€Å"Hey, Horwitz,† I said. â€Å"You ever pass by the lagoon in central park? Down by central park south? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Well, you know the ducks that swim around in it? In the springtime and all? Do you happen to know where they go in the wintertime, by any chance (81)? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Holden asks Horwitz where the ducks go in the winter time because he is unknowingly comparing his situation to the ducks in the lagoon; Holden wants to know where he goes now that it is â€Å"winter time† and his lagoon, Pencey prep, has frozen. Throughout the book, Holden struggles to find a place where he belongs. He also strives to connect with people. Holden is reluctant to share his true self with people. Asking Horwitz where the ducks go is one of Holden’s â€Å"phony† attempts at making a connection with someone. When Holden acts phony, he shields his true self from people which keeps him from connecting with others. Holden dislikes phonies, and he often criticizes people for being phony, although Holden acts phony himself because he is insecure about himself, which leads to Holden acting phony. J. D. Salinger expresses through Holden that when trying to connect with others, one must act like themselves. Hypocrisy is often inevitable; all of us exhibit hypocrisy.